Lore:Moons

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Masser and Secunda

Moons are astronomical objects within Mundus. They are said to be small planets, though this comparison is only defined by mortal comprehension since, as with all astral bodies seen from Nirn, both the moons and dominion planets, they are truly infinite in size and mass, separate planes of existence that are only perceived as spheres due to mortal mental stress.[UOL 1] Members of the Mages Guild described them as islands in the sky.[1]

Nirn is generally thought to have two moons: Masser and Secunda. Masser is the larger of the two, being well over twice Secunda's size.[2] According to the Khajiit, there is a third moon, which they consider the corpse of Lorkhaj.[3][4] The Jonelight Path, a realm described as the place between places where the "liminal forces that bind each here to every there" can be accessed and from where any destination can be reached by those who can walk the path once the point where the "liminal of here touches the liminal of there" is reached , is named for the smaller of Nirn's two moons and is described as full of stars and moonlight [5][6][7]

The dragon Kaalgrontiid once sought to absorb the energies of Jode's Core, the divine core of one of the moons, in the hopes of ascending to the sky as a New Moon and god who would be the equal of Akatosh[8][9][10]

Culture[edit]

Sentinel's crest

Altmer[edit]

Three is one of the Sacred Numbers, which the Altmer recognize as integral to the universe's existence. Three, in particular, represents the Prime Celestials, which are embodied by the Sun and the two moons.[11]

Certain Altmer claim that it's common knowledge that the moons were created by Sheogorath.[1]

Argonian[edit]

Argonian alchemy uses the phases of the moon to precisely align the calcinator in the alchemical process. During the full moon, the calcinator faces south and aligns with the Southron pole star, and every night after that, the calcinator rotates clockwise one twenty-eighth of the circle. The device has to be placed in a way where the moonlight shines on half of it. During the new moon, the calcinator should be fully exposed to the light.[12] There is a town in southern Black Marsh called Moonmarch, which was east of Soulrest and southwest of Blackrose.[13]

Argonians believe the origins of Masser and Secunda are tied to the fate of Argonian twins Izzik and Tweer, who wandered too deep into the bowels of an ancient Xanmeer.[14]

Breton[edit]

The ancient Bretons acknowledged a goddess of the moons named Secunda. Their modern-day descendants in the Glenumbra Moors observe the Moon Festival on the 8th of Sun's Dusk in remembrance of her.[15]

East of Camlorn is a village called Moonguard.[16] It was also the birthplace of one of the most legendary mages in Breton history, the Sage. He was also born under a rare eclipse.[17]

The sect of Bretons known as Druids showed reverence to the moons, who they referred to as Mara's Tear and Shandar's Sorrow.[18]

According to one Breton myth, the moons were born from the mortals Shandar and Mara. Having grown up in two different warring villages, the two attempted to run away as they were forbidden to marry. The pair were caught and Shandar was imprisoned to await execution, while Mara was scheduled to marry another. Learning of what was to transpire, Mara tried to escape into the night but soon became lost due to the lack of any light and so was kidnapped by an Orc. When the village learned of Mara's plight, they allowed Shandar, who'd begged to be allowed to look for her, to go free. Shandar managed to kill the Orc but was given a mortal wound in the process. In grief, Mara cried out to her namesake, the goddess Mara, who took pity and raised the two to the sky in the form of the two moons, who would from than on light up the night to help others remain safe from the evils of the world.[19]

Dunmer[edit]

The teachings of the Tribunal Temple describe a civilization of grave ghosts on a moon, known as the Parliament of Craters. They were said to hold resentment toward the kings of Nirn.[20]

Khajiit[edit]

For the Khajiit, the moons have special significance in their culture. In Khajiiti legend, the motion of the moons constructs something called the "Lunar Lattice" or "Ja-Kha'jay" in Ta'agra, which protects Mundus from the rest of the Aurbis.[21] Khajiit are born in differing forms depending on the current phases of the moons. They will often refer to specific moon phases by the Khajiiti form it is connected to.[22][23] See Khajiiti Morphology for details. Just as Khajiit are the children of Jone and Jode, the Drom-m'Athra are children of the Dark Moon.[24] Their influence is stronger when the moons are new and in tall places close to the moons, and to speak of them outside the moonlight risks their corruption.[25][26] Forgotten Manes, those born under the eclipse, called to become champions of the Pride of Alkosh are more closely linked to the moons but also at greater risk of corruption.[27][28]

The Khajiit believe that Alkosh is responsible for preserving the stability of the world, as part of this role he is said to maintain the steady movement of the moons, Jode and Jone, it is believed that without him they would freeze in place, allowing terrible things to slip through the Lunar Lattice.[29]

Pre-ri'Datta myths link a number of deities to the moons. The moons, Jone and Jode, are considered to be stillborn deities born last in the final litter of Fadomai. After their birth, the goddess Khenarthi is said to have rocked them in the sky and made their eyes appear bright with two divine lanters, so her mother wouldn't realize they'd died until she herself passed. Despite this, the love of Jone and Jode can still be felt by the Khajiit in the form of moonlight and Moon Sugar and the twin moons still dance in the sky. Khenarthi is said to relight the divine lanters of the moons when they burn low, while Hermorah and Azurah help maintain their motions in the sky.[30]

A number of myths describe a strong link between Azura and the moons. In Khajiiti culture, the First Secret given to Azurah by her mother Fadomai gives her dominion over the three moons, Jone, Jode,[21] and the Dark Moon.[31][32] She is said to have formed her own realm of Moonshadow out of a sea of moonlight tears she shed while grieving for her mother, and to have lit the fire the funeral pyre of Lorkhaj out of the lanters of love and mercy, of Jode and Jone, before scattering his ashes across the Lattice.[33] Other myths speak of how Azurah purred across the stars, coaxing the twin moons to part and make way for a sky-guardian, a third hidden moon which would serve as the shield of the Lunar Lattice, and shine down upon the Khajiit of purest heart and fervent obedience, who'd be known from that point on as the Litter of the Hidden Moon, and be tasked with redeeming the Dro-m'Athra.[31]

After Lorkhaj's death, Azurah made a funeral pyre before the Varliance gate, and lit it with the Twin Lanterns of Jone and Jode.[30][33] Her tears fell upon the pyre and the ashes scattered across the Lattice.[33] As a result, it is said Azurah and Khenarthi can call upon the "true spirit" of Lorkhaj to appear.[30] Sometime after the creation of the Khajiiti people, Azurah, knowing that the false Lorkhaj, the Moon Beast, a twisted shade born of the Dark Heart and the first Dro-m'Athra, would one day covet her children, used the Twin Lanterns of Jone and Jode to summon the true spirit of Lorkhaj to be a sky-guardian.[30][31] As the third moon, Lorkhaj shined his light upon the Khajiit, choosing the purest of heart to be part of the "Litter of the Hidden Moon", to learn the way of the Moonlight Blade.[31] And from then on, on nights of the Ghost Moon, Azurah opens the Void Gate, and the Moon Beast will challenge mortals until banished.[30] Furthermore, the spirit Boethra is said to wear the death-shroud of Lorkhaj these nights, and "wages war beyond the Lattice".[30] Modern Khajiiti beliefs on the third moon differ from ancient beliefs, with the birth of the Mane being the main purpose of its existence.[32] This belief could have existed since at least 1E 2902, with the earliest known mane.[34] Furthermore, the reasoning for the Dark Moon's existence is different. Modern Khajiit believe that Lorkhaj's body was hurled to the moons, and forced to follow Jone and Jode forever as punishment.[25] Regardless of beliefs, non Khajiit have difficulty seeing the Dead Moon due to their eyes.[25][4]

Pre-ri'Datta Khajiit myths speak of an alliance of the Adversarial Spirits Molagh, Merid-Nunda and Merrunz attacking the Lunar Lattice, only to be repelled by its defenders, Azurah, Boethra and Mafala who also receive the aid of Noctra. In such myths the Lattice is described as burning spirits that touch it, causing Molagh to fall into the darkness below when pressed against it. It is said that no spirit had ever managed to damage it until Merrunz, released in those myths to serve as a weapon against the Lattice, cracked it with his axe. Though the Adversarial Spirits are repelled, the myths describe this exact conflict and events having repeated many times in the past, so many even the deities involved don't recall the number.[30][35]

Some Moon-Singer songs link the moons to the origins of the Khajiiti demigod and hero Khunzar-ri. In the song , a young Shazeer Firstclaw, who would go on to become the first Clan Mother of the Barrukit kingdom, was cornered by a pride of hungry senche-lions while climbing on top of Shimmering Rise. She managed to hold them at bay with a stick and some pebbles until nightfall, when tiredness and hunger began to overtake her. Shazeer called to Jone and Jode for aid, and a moonbeam illuminated the rise. Within it stood a young Khajiit of the same age as Shazeer, who informed her that Jone and Jode had sculpted him out of moonlight, clouds, and her own courageous heart and sent him to rescue her. The Khajiit was Khunzar-ri, who proceeded to do as he'd promised.[36]

There is an ancient legend about a master jumper from Quin'rawl named Anahbi, who leapt from Nirn and almost fell into Oblivion but was caught by Jone and Jode. Anahbi quickly took the light from Jone and leapt for Nirn again. The two moons followed suit and danced across the skies to grab her. When they caught her again, she stole the light from Jode and tried to escape again, but they were able to restrain her. Anahbi promised to never do it again if they returned her home, and as a reminder of her promise, her brow bore speckles of stardust.[37]

The Tale of Dro'Zira, a Khajiit account of the Battle of Red Mountain describes how Ra'Wulfharth, who had been granted the "roar of Lorkhaj", spoke to the moons and commanded them to "move to their fullness in the sky" to turn a band of warriors from the Pride of Alkosh into senche and strip them of all reason, having them fight at his side, as he could not bring himself to kill them.[38]

The story of Rajhin and the Stone Maiden tells of the Trickster God preventing a young maiden from commiting suicide. Concerned, Rajhin asked her what would drive her to do such a thing, and she explained that her greedy step-father demanded an insane bride-price, and caused the village he ran to seethe with corruption. Seeking to teach the step-father a lesson, Rajhin aided the maiden in a plan that would allow her to be with her beloved. And so the couple met with the step-father to arrange a deal, and offered something greater than the bride-price. It was a great land that can be seen from their village that has no ruler. One that "shines like a pearl in the darkness", can be claimed, but cannot be reached without their agent. The greedy step-father agreed to the terms, which then prompted Rajhin to manifest behind him. As per their agreement, Rajhin quickly seized him and took him to the moon of Jode, far from where he could interfere with the couple's relationship. The villagers were initially shocked, but celebrated that their home was freed of the tyrant, and held a wedding ceremony for the couple. During the night, Rajhin manifested once more, for he traveled too fast which caused the step-father to be separated from his shadow, which threatened the newly-weds. Because they could not see it, from their perspective it appeared like Rajhin was reaching for air, and upon the Thief God's explanation, they were relieved and their laughter echoed across the riverbank.[39]

The ancient Khajiit moon priests practiced a rite known as the Shadow Dance or "Dance of Shadows", practiced famously by Anequina Sharp-Tongue and described as experiencing moonlight in its distilled form in order to "walk paths that took strange angles" to places "tangential to dreams, but never dreaming". Those attuned to the moons in this manner could "hear the moons sing" and could impact the Lunar Lattice, commanding the moons to move in the sky, open portals to other places and realms such as Oblivion, the Jonelight Path, or the moons themselves, and manipulate sources of lunar energy to perform deeds such as recharging a Dragonhorn. Descendants of the attuned could become linked to the spirits of their ancestor if they became attuned themselves, allowing them to perceive their memories and emotions and to act as vessels for them to act and communicate through should they desire it. Those who gained better understanding of their attunement learned how to "smell" magic and track and identify it by specific "scent", and gained greater mastery of portals, allowing them to open multiple portals in different locations at once and even imbue the portal magic into their blade and use it as a weapon in combat. Gazing into the eyes of a master of the Shadow Dance attuned to the moons was said to allow one to perceive the movement of their soul reflecting that of the moons and grant knowledge of it, the one transmitting such knowledge had to take care that only the reflection of the Lattice was glimpsed by the recipient, as witnessing the true glory and horror of the Lattice had driven many mad, despite this it is said that even the reflection allowed one to glimpse the bastion of existence, such that could not be found elsewhere. It was said that the reason the Dance could impact something as enormous as the Lattice was that, in truth, the Dance and the Lattice were of the same size, the movements of the attuned soul performing the Shadow Dance were a near perfect existence, a chaotic and beautiful movement "swelling with reverberations" of fumes of moonlight and the "great and small vertices", the moons mirrored and perfected that form, and so were themselves changed for a time. It is said that witnessing the Shadow Dance and the Lattice within the soul of the attuned directly could allow for true understanding of the Shadow Dance, though only those who'd undergone lifetimes of study could be shown this without risking madness. Some masters of the Shadow Dance such as Juha-ri Sage of the White Sand, were known to perform one final Shadow Dance at the end of their lives, causing them to collapse dead as their soul journeyed to the Sands Behind the Stars and leaving behind their temple acolytes. This last Shadow Dance took place within the vault of the Shadow Dance Temple where Anequina Sharp-Tongue herself danced the Shadow Dance.[5][40][7][41][42]

Becoming Mane required walking the Two-Moon Path, part of that trial took place within a Demiplane located in Jode, which transformed itself to test those that journeyed there through trials which represented the challenges of their real lives.[24]

The Crimson Torchbug is said to be the light of Jode given form. These insects dance around Moon-Sugar Cane to bless the crops.[43]

Maormer[edit]

The Maormer have a tale that relates the origins of Masser and Secunda to Maormer twins Chrysina and Ohmirril, who dove deep into cursed Sload waters.[14]

Nord[edit]

Nordic myth ties the moons Masser and Secunda to a pair of twins, Filnrig and Rhainna, who became lost inside of a magical blizzard.[14]

Members of the Companions refer to someone afflicted with lycanthropy as "moon-born".[44][45]

In the "Five Songs of King Wulfharth", Nerevar's dagger, Keening was described as "made of the sound of the shadow of the moons".[46]

Reachfolk[edit]

Certain Reachfolk clans, like the Crow-Eyes, were known to present stones bathed in moonlight as offerings to their spirits to renew the protective wards surrounding their settlements, like Karthwasten. These moonlit rocks symbolized purity.[47][48][49] Additionally, silver is referred to as "moon-kissed ore" by the Reachfolk.[50] Furthermore, some clans even derive their names from the moon, as seen with the Black-Moon Clan.[51] Hircine oversees pacts between Reach clans, approving of the deal if the union is worth committing to. The ritual calling upon Hircine to bless a pact involves several components. On occasion, within these rituals, phrases like "Two great packs seek the same full moon. Make them one, bound by common prey" are intoned.[52][53]

Redguard[edit]

The crescent moon is a symbol of cultural significance in the Kingdom of Sentinel as it was the banner of Grandee Yaghoub, the one who first founded the capital city in the early-mid First Era.[54] The moon on the banner is known as the White Moon.[55] King Camaron was also called the White Moon as a nod to this.[56] Before the Order of the Candle was the knightly order of Sentinel, it was the Knights of the Moon.[citation needed]

The Aurbical Abacus was a Yokudan relic designed to track the movements of the moons, among other astronomical objects, and calculated the exact change in seasons. It was an artifact associated with Zeht, the god of agriculture, and kept in a tomb in Hew's Bane before it was later destroyed.[57]

Bosmer[edit]

The Bosmer regard the moons as spirits of fortune, both good and bad.[58]

Vampire[edit]

The moondial in Castle Volkihar is perhaps the only one in existence. It was originally a sundial built for the previous owners of the castle, but Valerica of the Volkihar Clan persuaded an elven artisan to change images of the sun to phases of the moons.[59]

One of Tamriel's most rare and dangerous artifacts is the Vampiric Ring. It was created in ancient times by a cult of vampires in Morrowind. Its rarity comes from the fact it only appears every few hundred moon cycles.[60]

Werewolf[edit]

Some strains of lycanthropy cause the afflicted to transform into a werewolf under moonlight,[61] or specifically a full moon.[62] Some of these werewolves worship the moons, but this practice has been considered a parody of true lunar faith.[63]

Other[edit]

Some sailors believe the moons were enormous atronachs, who wrestled for the amusement of the Daedric Princes, which is what causes thunderstorms.[1]

Masser[edit]

Masser

Masser, also known as Jode, Mara's Tear and Zennji in Ta'agra, is the greater of Nirn's two moons and is acknowledged as one of the attendant spirits of the mortal plane. As such, it is both temporal and subject to the bounds of mortality. As with all astral bodies seen from Nirn, the moons and dominion planets, Masser is said to actually be a separate plane in its own right, infinite in size and mass, with its appearance as a sphere being only a visual phenomenon caused by mortal mental stress. Masser has long since perished and its death has led to mortals perceiving its previously pure white and featureless sphere as having its current texture and reddish hue, the moon's "skin" withering away.

Members of the Mages Guild have described the moons as islands in the sky.

Secunda[edit]

Secunda

Secunda, also known as Jone, Shandar's Sorrow (also spelled Stendarr's Sorrow) and Zennrili in Ta'agra, is the lesser of Nirn's two moons and acknowledged as one of the attendant spirits of the mortal plane. As such, is both temporal and subject to the bounds of mortality. As with all astral bodies seen from Nirn, the moons and dominion planets, Secunda is said to actually be a separate plane in its own right, infinite in size and mass, with its appearance as a sphere being only a visual phenomenon caused by mortal mental stress. Secunda has long since perished and its death has led to mortals perceiving its previously pure white and featureless sphere as having its current texture and grayish hue, the moon's "skin" withering away.

Members of the Mages Guild have described the moons as islands in the sky.

The Jonelight Path, a realm described as the place between places where the "liminal forces that bind each here to every there" can be accessed and from where any destination can be reached by those who can walk the path once the point where the "liminal of here touches the liminal of there" is reached , is named for the smaller of Nirn's two moons and is described as full of stars and moonlight

Dark Moon[edit]

The alignment of Masser and Secunda

The Dark Moon (or Dark Moons), also known as the Dead Moon, the Hidden Moon, the Hollow Moon, the Ghost Moon, and the Den of Lorkhaj, is rumored to be the corpse of the Missing God, Lorkhaj. Due to the two moons, solar eclipses can happen in Tamriel several times a year and are known as Vampire Days. During a dark eclipse, however, both moons eclipse the sun, and this alignment reveals the "third moon" (or "missing moon"). This event is significant to the Khajiiti people's spiritual duality. On the upside, their spiritual leaders known as Manes are born during this occurrence. However, those born under the dark eclipse are sensitive to the moons, and thus are subject to the call of the Dark Heart, which could turn them into dro-m'Athra. The Bent Cats themselves show reverence to the Dark Moon, and are referred to as Children of the Dark Moon. Their steeds, the Rahd-m'Athra, are thought to hail from the Dark Moons. Khajiit deviants may mark themselves with tattoos reminiscent of the dark moon to show their defiance of social conventions.

Necromancer's Moon[edit]

The Necromancer's Moon, also known as the Revenant, is a moon and the divine body of the God of Worms, Mannimarco. It was created by the Warp in the West in 3E 417 when Mannimarco used the power of the Mantella to fuel his transfiguration and apotheosis.

The Necromancer's Moon eclipses the planet Arkay every eight days, preventing its light from reaching Nirn for 24 hours. This celestial phenomenon is known as the Shade of the Revenant, and casts a purple light down on certain locations across Tamriel during this period. The purpose of this eclipse is to foil the divine laws of Arkay, allowing Mannimarco to be the only god of life and death. The Cult of the Black Worm worship Mannimarco as the God of Worms, and construct altars to him at these locations to harness the Shade of the Revenant for use in creating black soul gems.

Baar Dau[edit]

Baar Dau

Baar Dau (also known as the Ministry of Truth, Prison Moon, or Lie Rock) was a meteor, celestial rock or moonlet which hovered above Vivec City in southern Vvardenfell. According to the prevailing legends, it was flung from the Void by either Sheogorath or its own malevolence, but was prevented from crashing into the city by the Tribunal god Vivec. Vivec allowed it to remain looming above the city so that if its people ever ceased to love him, the rock would fall and destroy them. Other lesser-known tales and theories vary widely as to Baar Dau's origins, with one identifying it as a former Magna Ge named Una, another insisting that it was an egg from which would one day emerge the nightmarish offspring of Vivec and Molag Bal, and yet another claiming that it was Malacath's dung.

Gallery[edit]

Notes[edit]

  • Masser is a color-modified version of real-life photos of Mars. Secunda's real-life base is less clear-cut, but it may be based on Triton, the largest moon of Neptune.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Hireling Correspondence in ESO
  2. ^ Imperial Orrery appearance in Oblivion: Orrery
  3. ^ Shazah's dialogue during The Den of Lorkhaj in ESO
  4. ^ a b The Moon Cats and their DanceClan Mother Ahnissi
  5. ^ a b Khamira's dialogue in ESO
  6. ^ Jonelight Path's appearance during the quest New Moon Rising in ESO
  7. ^ a b Khunzar-ri's dialogue during the quest New Moon Rising in ESO
  8. ^ Abnur Tharn's dialogue in ESO: Dragonhold
  9. ^ Kaalgrontiid's dialogue in ESO: Elsweyr
  10. ^ Khunzar-ri and the Demons
  11. ^ Thoughts on the Sacred Numbers
  12. ^ Calcinator Treatise
  13. ^ Moonmarch in Arena
  14. ^ a b c Tamrielic Twins of Myth
  15. ^ Holidays of the Iliac BayTheth-i
  16. ^ Moonguard in Arena
  17. ^ The SageAegrothius Goth
  18. ^ Druid King Kasorayn's dialogue in ESO: High Isle
  19. ^ Mara's TearZhen
  20. ^ 36 Lessons of Vivec, Sermon 16Vivec
  21. ^ a b Words of Clan Mother AhnissiClan Mother Ahnissi
  22. ^ The Moon Cats and their DanceClan Mother Ahnissi
  23. ^ Mazurr's dialogue in ESO
  24. ^ a b Shazah's dialogue in ESO
  25. ^ a b c Moon Bishop Hunal Answers Your QuestionsMoon Bishop Hunal
  26. ^ Adara'hai's dialogue in ESO
  27. ^ Ja'darri's dialogue in ESO: Dragonhold
  28. ^ The Pride of Alkosh — Clan Mother Hizuni
  29. ^ Moon-Bishop Azin-jo's dialogue in ESO: Elsweyr
  30. ^ a b c d e f g Spirits of Amun-droAmun-dro, the Silent Priest
  31. ^ a b c d The Tale of Three Moons
  32. ^ a b Vastarie's dialogue in ESO: Elsweyr
  33. ^ a b c The Favored Daughter of FadomaiAmun-dro, the Silent Priest
  34. ^ Shazah's dialogue on Mane Jinninji-ri in ESO
  35. ^ The Bladesongs of BoethraModun-Ra, the Hidden Voice
  36. ^ Khunzar-ri: OriginAneshi, Keeper of Legends for the 16 Kingdoms
  37. ^ A Dance in Moonlight
  38. ^ The Tale of Dro'ZiraSonia Vette
  39. ^ Rajhin and the Stone Maiden
  40. ^ Cadwell's dialogue in ESO
  41. ^ Chronicles of Juha-ri
  42. ^ Cadwell the Betrayer's dialogue and abilities in ESO
  43. ^ Crimson Torchbug pet description in ESO
  44. ^ Arnbjorn's dialogue in Skyrim
  45. ^ Aela the Huntress' dialogue in the quest "Glory of the Dead" in Skyrim
  46. ^ Five Songs of King Wulfharth
  47. ^ Shaman Ulvoch's dialogue in ESO: Markarth
  48. ^ Events of After the Storm in ESO: Markarth
  49. ^ Moon-Touched Stones item description in ESO: Markarth
  50. ^ Chief Ulvfae's dialogue in ESO: Markarth
  51. ^ Black-Moon Clan Camp in ESO: Markarth
  52. ^ Arana's dialogue in ESO: Markarth
  53. ^ Events of Blood of the Reach in ESO: Markarth
  54. ^ Sentinel, the Jewel of Alik'rThe Unveiled Azadiyeh, Songbird of Satakalaam
  55. ^ Sentinel ending description in Daggerfall
  56. ^ Daggerfall CES Cinematic
  57. ^ Naryu's Journal/Hew's BaneNaryu Virian
  58. ^ Varieties of Faith: The Wood ElvesBrother Mikhael Karkuxor of the Imperial College
  59. ^ Serana's dialogue in the quest "Chasing Echoes" in Skyrim: Dawnguard
  60. ^ Tamrielic LoreYagrum Bagarn
  61. ^ Werewolf transformation mechanics in Morrowind: Bloodmoon
  62. ^ Werewolf transformation mechanics in Daggerfall
  63. ^ Moon Bishop Hunal Answers Your QuestionsMoon Bishop Hunal

Note: The following references are considered to be unofficial sources. They are included to round off this article and may not be authoritative or conclusive.